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Lubrication refers to the reduction of mechanical losses while making movement more harmonious by reducing frictional resistance through the supply of an appropriate substance (liquid or solid) between the frictional surfaces of 2 moving objects. Lubrication prevents damages to surfaces by separating the moving objects relative to each other by means of a membrane; the substance used in such situations is referred to as a lubricant.
Internal combustion engines (automobile, motorcycle, ship, train, etc.),
transmissions, industrial equipment (hydraulic equipment, compressors and turbines, etc.)
The foremost goal of lubrication is to reduce wear in machines by reducing friction.
Lubricants discharge the heat generated by friction and the lubrication system absorbs the heat.
Lubricants prevent the entry of impurities such as carbonized substances from incomplete combustion, metal fragments, or dust.
Lubricants protect the lubrication surface from rusting due to oxygen, moisture, or corrosive gas in the air.
Lubricants seal the contacting section of the machine by preventing the leakage of gas injected into the cylinder or the entry of water or dust into the cylinder.
Lubricants uniformly disperse forces locally applied to frictional surfaces.
Complying with SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) J300 regulations, there are low-temperature viscosity (CCS, MRV) and high-temperature viscosity (Kinematic Viscosity at 100°C, HTHS) conditions.
| Viscosity rating | Low temperature viscosity | Kinematic viscosity (cSt) @ 100°C |
High temperature 26.1 shearing viscosity (HTHS, CP) @ 1500 |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cranking viscosity (CSS, CP) | Pumping viscosity (MRV, cP) | Minimum | Maximum | ||
| 0W | 6,200 at -35 | 60,000 at -40 | 3.8 | ㅡ | ㅡ |
| 5W | 6,600 at -30 | 60,000 at -35 | 3.8 | ㅡ | ㅡ |
| 10W | 7,000 at -25 | 60,000 at -30 | 4.1 | ㅡ | ㅡ |
| 15W | 7,000 at -20 | 60,000 at -25 | 5.6 | ㅡ | ㅡ |
| 20W | 9,500 at -15 | 60,000 at -20 | 5.6 | ㅡ | ㅡ |
| 25W | 13,000 at -10 | 60,000 at -15 | 9.3 | ㅡ | ㅡ |
| 8 | ㅡ | ㅡ | 4.0 | 6.1 | 1.7 |
| 12 | ㅡ | ㅡ | 5.0 | 7.1 | 2.0 |
| 16 | ㅡ | ㅡ | 6.1 | 8.2 | 2.3 |
| 20 | ㅡ | ㅡ | 6.9 | 9.3 | 2.6 |
| 30 | ㅡ | ㅡ | 9.3 | 12.5 | 2.9 |
| 40 | ㅡ | ㅡ | 12.5 | 16.3 | 3.5(0W -40, 5W -40, 10W-40) |
| 40 | ㅡ | ㅡ | 12.5 | 16.3 | 13.7(15W -40, 20W 16.3-40, 40 monograde) 21.9 |
| 50 | ㅡ | ㅡ | 16.3 | 21.9 | 3.7 |
| 60 | ㅡ | ㅡ | 21.9 | 26.1 | 3.7 |
Complying with SAE J3068 for low-temperature performance (Brookfield) and high-temperature viscosity (Kinematic Viscosity at 100°C) conditions..
|
SAE Viscosity Grade |
Maximum Temperature for viscosity of 150,000CP°C |
Viscosity @ 100°C Minimum cSt |
Viscosity @ 100°C Maximum cSt |
Approx. EquivalentISO Grading |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0W | -55 | 4.1 | ㅡ | 22-32 |
| 5W | -40 | 4.1 | ㅡ | 22-46 |
| 10W | -26 | 7.0 | ㅡ | 46-100 |
| 15W | -12 | 11.0 | ㅡ | 100-150 |
| 20W | ㅡ | 7.0 | <11.0 | 45-100 |
| 25W | ㅡ | 11.0 | <13.5 | 100 |
| 8 | ㅡ | 13.5 | <18.5 | 150-320 |
| 12 | ㅡ | 18.5 | <24.5 | ㅡ |
| 16 | ㅡ | 24.0 | <32.5 | 320-680 |
| 20 | ㅡ | 32.5 | <41.0 | ㅡ |
| 30 | ㅡ | 41.0 | ㅡ | 1000 |
- API772: GL-1,2,3,4,5,6, MT-1
- US Military 772 : MIL-L-2105A, 2105B, 2105C, 21050, MIL-PRF-2105E
Complying with ISO (International Standards Organization) regulations and classified on the basis of kinematic viscosity at 40°C.
| Viscosity Grade | Kinematic viscosity at 40°C [mm² /s = cSt] | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mid-point | Minimum | Maximum | |
| ISO VG 2 | 2.2 | 1.98 | 2.42 |
| ISO VG 3 | 3.2 | 1.98 | 2.42 |
| ISO VG 5 | 4.6 | 4.14 | 5.06 |
| ISO VG 7 | 6.8 | 6.12 | 7.48 |
| ISO VG 10 | 10 | 9.0 | 11.0 |
| ISO VG 15 | 15 | 13.5 | 16.5 |
| ISO VG 22 | 22 | 19.8 | 24.2 |
| ISO VG 32 | 32 | 28.8 | 35.2 |
| ISO VG 46 | 46 | 41.4 | 50.6 |
| ISO VG 68 | 68 | 61.2 | 74.8 |
| ISO VG 100 | 100 | 90 | 110 |
| ISO VG 150 | 150 | 135 | 165 |
| ISO VG 220 | 220 | 198 | 242 |
| ISO VG 320 | 320 | 288 | 352 |
| ISO VG 400 | 460 | 414 | 506 |
| ISO VG 680 | 680 | 612 | 748 |
| ISO VG 1000 | 1000 | 900 | 1100 |
| ISO VG 1500 | 1500 | 1350 | 1650 |
With industrial gear oil, the AGMA (American Gear Manufactures Association) divides this into AGMA 0-11 as follows in accordance with ISO VG (Viscosity Grade).
| ISO viscosity grade |
Mid-point viscosity at 40°C ㎟/s1 |
Kinematic viscosity limits at 40°C ㎟/s1 |
Former AGMA grade equivalent2 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| min | max | |||
| ISO VG 32 | 32 | 28.8 | 35.2 | 0 |
| ISO VG 46 | 46 | 41.4 | 50.6 | 1 |
| ISO VG 68 | 68 | 61.2 | 74.8 | 2 |
| ISO VG 68 | 68 | 61.2 | 74.8 | 2 |
| ISO VG 100 | 100 | 90.9 | 110 | 3 |
| ISO VG 150 | 150 | 135 | 165 | 4 |
| ISO VG 220 | 220 | 198 | 242 | 5 |
| ISO VG 320 | 320 | 288 | 352 | 6 |
| ISO VG 460 | 460 | 414 | 506 | 7 |
| ISO VG 680 | 680 | 612 | 748 | 8 |
| ISO VG 1000 | 1000 | 900 | 1100 | 8A |
| ISO VG 1500 | 1500 | 1350 | 1650 | 9 |
| ISO VG 2200 | 2200 | 1980 | 2420 | 10 |
| ISO VG 3200 | 3200 | 2880 | 3520 | 11 |
The preferred unit for kinematic viscosity is mm/s, commonly referred to as centistokelcst).
With the change from AGMA viscosity grade equivalents to ISO viscosity grade classifications, the designations S, EP, R and COMP will no longer be used as part of the viscosity grade nomenclature
1. Association specifications
API (American Petroleum Institute)
: Engine oil specifications made by API and divided into gasoline and large-scale diesel. The newer the specification, the more the reinforced oxidation stability, fuel efficiency, and durability, etc.
Begins with S as an abbreviation of ‘spark ignition,’ and followed by SA-SN. After using SA, SB, SC. SD, SE, SF, SG and SH, designations now being used include SJ, SL, SM, SN, SN Plus.
CF4, CG-4, CH-4. CA4, C-4. CK-4(FA-4)
Begins with C as an abbreviation of ‘compression ignition,’ and is followed by CA-CK-4.
After having used CA. CB, CC. CD, CE. CF designations, CG-4, CH-4, C4, CJ-4, CK-4 have been enacted.
ILSAC (International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee, 2 89 standard and approval association)
: Engine oil specifications made by ILSAC composed of North American/Japanese automakers; includes GF1. 2, 3, 4 and 5. Fundamentally, they are specifications with fortified fuel efficiency performance added to API performance.
ACEA (Association des Constructeurs Europeans d'Automobilles)
: Engine oil specifications made by ACEA with emphasis on the characteristic durability and extension of the replacement interval of European vehicles compared to API or ILSAC. Generally, the specifications are amended on a 2-year
interval.
Classified largely into 3 types depending on vehicle type with each type sub-classified according to performance and fuel efficiency (HTHSI/SAPS level).
Passenger vehicle (gasoline/diesel) : A3/B3, A3/B4, A5/B5
(although there were AI/BI specifications, it was abolished at the time of the ACEA
amendment in 2016)
Large-scale diesel : E4, E6, E7, E9
For vehicles with built-in, post-processing devices (emission reduction device) : C1. C2, C3. C4, C5
2. OEM specifications
Apart from associations (API, ILSAC, ACEA), each automaker has its own in-house oil specifications with different specifications required for each OEM. Names of the specifications of the representative OEM are as follows.
Mercedes-Benz: MB 229.1, 229.3, 229.31, 229.5, 229.51, etc
Volkswagen: WW 50200, 504 00,505 00,505 01, 507 00
General Motor: Dexos 1, Dexos 2
Renault : RN 0700, 0710, 0720
Mercedes-Benz: MB 228.1.228.3, 228.31.228.5.228.51, etc
MAN : M 3275, 3277,3477, etc
Volvo VDS-3, 4, 4.55, etc
Cummins : Cummins 20078, 20081, etc
Performance specifications
API specifications : GL-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, MT-1
US Military specifications : MIL-L-2105A, 2105B, 2105C, 2105D, MIL-PRF-2105E
Performance specifications
Since there are many OEMs with long replacement intervals and recognized as a concept of component, there are no unified specifications per automaker as in the case of engine oil.
General Motor: Dexron III, VI, etc.
Ford : Mercon V, Mercon LV, Mercon SP, etc.
Hyundai : SP III, IV , etc.
ZE: TEEML 03D, 04D, 05L, 09, 11B, 16L, 170, 14A, etc.
Chrysler : MS-1872, 5931, 9602, 10838, etc.
Performance specifications
Oil types that belong to industrial oil are highly diversified and, as such, there are highly diversified performance specifications according to each oil type. Representative performance specifications of hydraulic oil, gear oil, and turbine oil are as follows:
Denison : HF-0, 1, 2
DIN 51524 : Part I, Part II, Part III
ISO 11158 : HH, HL, HM, HV
Cincinnati Machine(CM) : P-68, 69, 70
Vickers : 104C, 35VQ25, 1-286-S, M-2950-S
Us Steel : 127, 136
AGMA 9005 : E02, F17
DIN 51517: Part I, Part II, Part III
ISO 12925-1 : CKB, CKC, CKD, CKE, CKS
US Steel : 224
DIN 51515 : Part I, Part II
General Electric: GEK-32568, GEK-107395